Rue, Garrett P听1听;听McKnight, Diane M听2听;听Crouch, Caitlin听3
1听INSTAAR, ENVS, University of Colordo-Boulder
2听INSTAAR, ENVS, CAEE, University of Colorado-Boulder
3听Integral Consulting听
The coupled environmental impact of acid rock (ARD) and acid mine drainage (AMD) is a problem facing many waterways across the Rocky Mountains and throughout the world, particularly in areas of historic mining. Here we examine the Snake River watershed, located near the former mining boomtown of Montezuma, Colorado. Over the last three decades, researchers for numerous government agencies, the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, and graduate students from the University of Colorado have monitored changes in Snake River water chemistry and metal contamination present in its tributary streams.
The Snake River watershed represents a unique water quality challenge because its headwaters are impacted by ARD, and downstream tributary inflows compound this with AMD. These acidic, metal-rich inflows create an acutely toxic environment for fish and most aquatic organisms. Over the last 10 years, more frequent drought conditions and earlier occurrence of peak spring snowmelt have further reduced water quality during low-flow conditions. In addition to lower flows, changes in water chemistry have been driven by increased weathering rates of exposed sulfide minerals, resulting in decreased pH. The additional acid production has caused dissolution of metals from the host rock and enrichment of the stream with these solutes, which are mobilized greater distances down the reach.
Iron is the predominant metal present in the upper Snake River, but upon mixing with pristine neutral inflows precipitates as iron oxides. Zinc, however, is less affected by this increase in pH and remains dissolved well downstream of the ARD and AMD sources. Of particular concern is that stream chemistry data has shown a four-fold increase in zinc concentrations in the last 10 years, with a transition from a steady linear increase over a previous 20-year record to that of an exponential trend. More recent study of the upper Snake River and its contributing streams led to the discovery of rare earth metals in high concentrations. For example, neodymium is present in one particular tributary in levels as high as 120 ug/L. Retesting of archived samples going back as far as the 1990s has confirmed a continued presence, proving an intriguing issue for further study. The hydrologic and biogeochemical changes observed in this watershed may have important implications for mitigation and/or remediation of mine sites.
Crouch, CM., D.M. McKnight, and A.S. Todd. 2013 Quantifying sources of increasing zinc from acid rock drainage in an alpine catchment under a changing hydrologic regime. Hydrological Processes 27(5):721-733
McKnight, D.M., B.A. Kimball, and K.E. Bencala. 1988. Iron photoreduction and oxidation in an acidic mountain stream. Science 240:637-640
Todd, A.S., A.H. Manning, P.L. Verplank, C.M. Crouch, D.M. McKnight, and R. Dunham. 2012. Climate-change-driven deterioration of water quality in a mineralized watershed.