麻豆淫院

How do today鈥檚 politicians skew the truth in political discourse?听

By: Abbey Ehrhard
Course: Language & Politics (Ling 3800)
Advisor: Prof.听Adam Hodges
LURA 2020

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Truth in political discourse is important as we deal with complex global issues, such as the COVID-19 virus, possible war with Iran, and the global warming crisis.听 Navigating between truths and untruths is particularly mystifying when the narrative is frequently skewed, a principle issue we face today.听 Understanding political discourse requires understanding the use of plausible deniability and conversational implicature. This is because politicians frequently make use of these discursive moves to skew the narrative.

In my research project, developed for Prof. Adam Hodges course on Language & Politics, I created a video essay (embedded below) that examined the discursive techniques of plausible deniability and conversational implicature used by our president, which are enforced by mafia-like structures of silencing.听 These discursive methods are not new, and Donald Trump is not the first politician to use plausible deniability.听 However, Trump鈥檚 use of plausible deniability was particularly interesting to study because I uncovered many inconsistencies between his campaign promises and current statements.听 The underlying aim was not to expose Trump, but rather to demonstrate the process by which we can hold politicians accountable by unraveling the narrative the speaker has created through competing claims. 听

Plausible deniability works to 鈥渟hirk responsibility for things we have previously said or done.听 Politicians are well known for using language games that allow them to variously communicate or deny controversial claims鈥� (Hodges, p. 45).听 Conversational implicature is the act of implying what is said, while also not explicitly stating it.听 This allows room for a 鈥渞eactive reversal鈥� (Mendoza-Denton) if the public does not respond well to what is implied; a public relations statement (or tweet) can go out shirking responsibility for the remark.听 Since what is implied is not explicitly stated, this leaves the public in a gray area of sorts. For example, the president can promise to have Mexico pay for his wall yet the American taxpayers are left footing the now $11 billion dollar bill .听 To create my video essay, I watched and listened to debates, interviews, and speeches, comparing sound bites and claims Donald Trump has made throughout his time in office.听 I approached the discourse as a normal voter seeking information.听 Through this lens, I found my key examples of plausible deniability and conversational implicature.听 My research on Trump鈥檚 use of omerta and mafia-like structures further elaborates on the way Trump gets away with claiming plausible deniability.听

One of the key takeaways from my research was that campaign promises have been skewed to fit or change Trump鈥檚 narrative. This 鈥渟kewing鈥� is achieved through conversational implicature. For example, Trump can run his 2016 campaign on the promise to have Mexico build and pay for the wall, but later insist to the American public as president that he didn鈥檛 say that.听 Subsequently, Trump skews his statement by stating: 鈥淥bviously...I never meant they鈥檙e going to write out a check. I said they鈥檙e going to pay for it. They are. They are paying for it with the...USMCA [United States Mexico Canada Agreement].鈥� The implication in his original statements was that Mexico will directly pay for it, not the US taxpayers. But later, he denies this implication by implying something new--namely, that the US will somehow recoup the $11 billion it has paid for the wall through the new trade deal with Mexico. Another key finding from my research was that Trump鈥檚 deniability is strengthened by the support he receives from allies, such as politicians who vouch for his credibility and collaborate to restate his ever-changing claims.

The topic of plausible deniability within politics is extremely relevant to non-linguists as it can help voters pick apart what is true and what is not in a time when thousands of different stories all on the same subject circulate.听 As George Washington once stated, 鈥淭ruth will ultimately prevail where pain is taken to bring it to light.鈥澨�

For more discussion on this topic see the video essay .听

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