麻豆淫院

CU Boulder PhD student Clare Gallagher finds reason for hope amid the complexities of negotiations to craft a U.N. treaty addressing a worldwide crisis

In the past year, Clare Gallagher has gotten very interested in , which she admits is 鈥渁 really depressing Google search鈥� if you鈥檙e not already familiar with it.

Ghost gear is the umbrella term for lost, abandoned or discarded fishing gear that contributes to the crisis of plastic pollution in Earth鈥檚 oceans and can trap fish and marine mammals, causing them to die by suffocation or exhaustion. In the upper Gulf of California, for example, to the vaquita porpoise nearing the brink of extinction.

When Gallagher, a PhD student in the University of Colorado Boulder Department of Environmental Studies, joined an observer delegation at the fourth session of the April 23-29 in Ottawa, Canada, she learned that fishing gear is included in a proposed international treaty on plastic pollution that would be discussed at the weeklong gathering.

However, after attending several all-day鈥攁nd sometimes into the night鈥攏egotiating sessions, 鈥淚 learned that fishing gear is almost like a side note to the greater problem. Single-use plastics are so nefarious, and this is the next climate change fight,鈥� Gallagher says.

鈥淭o be able to go sit in conference room for 14 hours a day for nine days straight鈥攁nd the final meetings went until 3 a.m.鈥擨 was pretty in awe of the dedication of the people in these meetings. But then at the same time, it was also incredibly frustrating when there鈥檚 not a lot of progress made. It鈥檚 just the way of global geopolitics, and I was getting a crash course in this鈥攖here will be some countries or blocs of countries that don鈥檛 want strong treaties, like oil-producing countries, just as there are countries that have been against strong environmental treaties for the last several decades.鈥�

The gathering Gallagher attended was the fourth session of the U.N. Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution and focused on the marine environment. The committee鈥檚 stated goal is to have a completed treaty written by the end of the year.

For Gallagher, attending the session not only was eye-opening to the intricacies of global geopolitics, but also brought several other key insights, including:

Abandoned fishing gear is one problem of many in the crisis of plastic pollution in the world鈥檚 oceans

鈥淢icroplastics were a huge, huge topic at the treaty discussions,鈥� Gallagher says. 鈥淔rom a health standpoint, I was really surprised to see so many endocrinologists there. The endocrine destruction from chemicals that are being added to plastics is linked to the obesity epidemic, to the epidemic of anxiety and depression. It鈥檚 actually pretty terrifying.鈥�

Among the discussion topics were , sometimes called nurdles, which are commonly used as a raw material for making plastic products. They are frequently shipped via container, and if pellets ever spill from those containers into a marine environment, the environmental damage and harm to living creatures can be devastating.

鈥淪o, some of the discussion was about classifying them as hazardous waste,鈥� Gallagher says.

However, abandoned fishing gear is a big problem

鈥淕host gear is the colloquial term,鈥� Gallagher explains. 鈥淭he more scientific term is abandoned, lost or discarded fishing gear, or ALDFG, and it鈥檚 just a terrible thing. Let鈥檚 say you a have huge vessel that鈥檚 fishing tuna in the Pacific and use purse seines, which are these crazy kilometer-wide nets that can cinch up entire schools of tuna.

鈥淪ay that net gets lost or is intentionally cut by crew or just gets stuck on something or there鈥檚 a full-on accident. That net will continue to fish whales, dolphins, turtles, you name it after it鈥檚 lost contact with the vessel. That鈥檚 why we get term 鈥榞host,鈥� because fishing continues to happen in a worst-case scenario.鈥�

Gallagher notes that purse seines typically are made of nylon, which sinks in water because of its density, so they鈥檙e not a significant contributor to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, which is now about the size of Alaska. However, lighter density nets and fishing line made of high-denisty polyethylene wash up on shorelines around the world, 鈥渟o it鈥檚 pretty incredible that this treaty is trying to address fishing gear as its own plastic pollution sector because almost all commercial fishing nets and lines are made of plastic polymers, so this treaty could address industrial, global and local fishing economies.鈥�

Many perceive plastic pollution as a symptom a bigger issue

鈥淭he biggest thing is production,鈥� Gallagher says, 鈥渟topping primary plastic production. That鈥檚 one of the things that鈥檚 so interesting about this treaty process, because it鈥檚 almost the same story, it鈥檚 the same players, it鈥檚 the same perpetrators as the international debate over fossil fuel emissions.鈥�

In fact, Gallagher notes, the analyzed the affiliations of registered attendees for the session and found almost 200 lobbyists for the fossil fuel and chemical industries were registered.

The problems of plastic pollution are daunting, but there鈥檚 room for hope

鈥淚 felt, not being a United Nations treaty expert, pretty overwhelmed by the scale at which countries around the world need to compromise and work together to create any international treaty, especially environmental treaties,鈥� Gallagher says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 pretty overwhelming to think this is how humanity governs itself at the top level.

鈥淭hat being said, I have hope that the most ambitious countries will continue to push for a strong treaty on plastic pollution. I don鈥檛 know if remorse is right word, but there is sadness that many of the countries suffering the most from plastic pollution are not producing the plastic. They鈥檙e the ones that have to deal with plastic trash and plastic pollution, the ones that have to fight for a strong treaty, and there鈥檚 a real power imbalance that I find so disgusting and disturbing.鈥�

Gallagher says one of the most impressive coalitions she observed at the session was the 鈥淭here was a woman from Easter Island, which, granted, is part of Chile, and she told a story about how every time her young son goes surfing, which is like every day, she has to wash his hair because there鈥檚 so much microplastic in it when he鈥檚 done.

鈥淧eople from some of the smallest, poorest countries repeatedly said, 鈥楾his is not complex. We don鈥檛 want your trash; we need to stop this.鈥� I think that bravery and that fight鈥攖hese Davids taking on Goliaths, as seen in the 鈥攊s what is going to make the world a better place.鈥�

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