麻豆淫院

A study co-authored by a CU Boulder economist reveals how young wives played a significant role in financially kick-starting their families during the economic prosperity of the 1950s, also opening the door to greater equality for women later in the century

The 1950s were marked by rising prosperity, as the U.S. economy grew rapidly and unemployment remained low. They are also remembered for strict gender roles: men as breadwinners and women as family caretakers.听

But a study published recently in听 suggests that many wives provided for their husbands through college, freeing their families from the credit constraints of higher education.

Murat Iyigun, a professor of economics at the University of Colorado Boulder who co-authored the paper with Jeanne Lafortune of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, is interested in a phenomenon of the 1950s that has puzzled sociologists and economists: Why were couples marrying younger while men became more educated than women?

According to Iyigun, 鈥渢he 1950s was an anomaly. The 1880s looks in some sense like now, because people used to get married later and the education levels between husband and wife were more comparable.鈥�

Unlike other cultures, married couples in the United States are expected to move out of their parents鈥� homes and into their own, which can be expensive. In the poorer economy of the early 20th century, both spouses had similar but lower levels of education and often chose to put off their marriages until later in life.听

鈥淏ut the 鈥�50s is the American heyday. It鈥檚 the golden era of the post-Second World War and there鈥檚 a huge American middle class. Housing became very cheap, which explains early marriages because younger people could afford it. And suddenly, the education premium for men rose,鈥� Iyigun says.听

On the flipside, financial returns for women receiving college degrees remained lower than for men.听

鈥淏esides other factors, discrimination kept the returns to schooling for women lower than those of men in the 1950s, 鈥�60s and even the early 鈥�70s,鈥� Iyigun says.

However, later in the 1980s, 鈥渃ollege and higher degrees started to pay off more for women.鈥� With more women obtaining degrees alongside men by the late 20th century, marriages at later ages increased.听

Sociologists and economists have offered different theories about how marriage timing and the educational gap between genders made the 1950s stand out. To solve this mystery, Iyigun created an analytical model that accounted for the changes in the start-up cost of marriage and tuition throughout the 20th century, and whether this generates an interaction between when couples married and became educated.听

Comparing the model鈥檚 predictions with historical data, it successfully mirrored the trend of early marriages and wide educational gaps between genders in the 1950s, and showed that the pattern of later marriages and comparable education levels between genders returned in the late 20th century.听

鈥淯sing our model, with a drop in home prices and an increase in the education premium for men, we now have couples who can marry early, and if it made sense for the husband to get an education, the wives typically supported them; they鈥檙e joining the labor force starting in the 鈥�50s,鈥� Iyigun says.听

For Iyigun, his model supports the claim that the 1950s was an exceptional moment in the economic and domestic history of the United States.听

鈥淚t was a cultural phenomenon that even institutions recognized. Schools were having a separate diploma ceremony for the wives of men who were getting a degree, and their degree was called the PhT (Putting the Husband Through). They were congratulating women for supporting their husbands getting an education.鈥�

鈥淓ven modern obituaries cite the PhT; it was something women were proud of doing,鈥� Iyigun says.

Although the PhT phenomenon was primarily an economic strategy to help husbands become educated sooner during marriage, Iyigun believes the fact that women were supporting their husbands through college laid the groundwork for the major cultural changes of the late 20th century.听

Today, 鈥渢he 鈥�50s seems like a bygone era, but I think there鈥檚 a backdrop where the culture has shifted, and much of the family structure, men and women鈥檚 roles in the household, in the workplace and in society drastically changed in many ways for the better,鈥� Iyigun says.听

Iyigun, along with Lafortune and Paula Calvo of Arizona State University, are working on a paper investigating how divorce laws factored into the marriage age, education and economic trends of the 20th century.听

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