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Looking to the future is central to the celebration of the Passover Haggadah

Jewish families will gather for Passover in circumstances that will, like the celebration itself, reflect on dark times while holding out for better to come.

The lasts from the evening of March 27 to the evening of April 4 in 2021. The of the celebration, March 27 and 28, require a Seder, a ritual meal bringing together the family.

As a , I believe Passover is a particularly poignant time to recognize the tragedies of the past year and offer hope for the future.

Passover story

The Passover is a festival found in the Bible that commemorates the escape of the Israelites, led by Moses, from Egypt as recounted in the . Prior to the departure of the enslaved Israelites, God delivered a on Egypt, culminating in the killing of the firstborn son in every Egyptian family, including the firstborn of the livestock.

At the top of the page:  A Jewish family gathers in person and over video conferencing for Passover celebrations in 2020. Ezra Shaw/Getty Images Above: A young girl pretends to ‘steal’ the Afikomen, as part of the celebrations. Bettmann via Getty images.

The Israelites, however, place the blood of a lamb on their doorposts to signal that the “,” an angel responsible for the killing, should skip, or pass over, those homes.

This story came to function as a powerful narrative of for Jewish people. The command to the exodus from Egypt and the Passover for future generations is encoded in the Bible itself: according to the book of Exodus, God commands Moses, even prior to their departure from Egypt, that the Israelites and their descendants are to commemorate this event.

The celebration of the Passover includes a script, called the . The Haggadah contains ancient rituals, some of which may have been practiced as early as the second century A.D., though the full script exists in later, medieval manuscripts.

Story of the four sons

Today, many families also create their of the Haggadah, offering celebrations of the Passover that infuse experiences.

Each member of the family plays certain roles, as found in the biblical story. This enactment of parts of the Exodus narrative fuses the present moment with the past, encouraging each participant to imagine themselves as part of the first generation to leave Egypt.

Some characters not found explicitly in the biblical text were also added to the Haggadah script. Prominent among them is an addition from the ninth century A.D. – a story about - the wise, the wicked, the simple and the one who does not know what to ask.

The , but the characters became a prominent part of the celebration. In many families today, they are called “children” or “daughters,” allowing for the inclusion of all members of the family regardless of gender.

were inspired by in which children ask certain questions about the celebration of the Passover. In the case of the son who does not know what to ask, the parent directly tells the child about the importance of the exodus without waiting for the question.

The Bible speaks of interactions between parents and children, but does not label the children in a specific manner. The is telling, examining and passing on the significance of the exodus from a number of different perspectives. The distinct roles of each child encourage the participants to reflect, in different ways, on the significance of liberation and how to communicate it to future generations.

Almost like a , then, the Haggadah and celebration of Passover incorporates the manner in which history, the present and the future relate to one another. This unfolding of allows those who celebrate to remember tragedies and loss in the past while also generating a real sense of hope for the future.

Flexibility and adaptation

According to many parts of the Bible, the Passover festival was to occur once a year, and only where the temple to the Israelite deity existed.

The celebration of Passover evolved into a home-based commemoration with the destruction of the temple by the Romans in A.D. 70. The biblical Passover mentioned in the book of Exodus also .

As such, the Bible to adapt the celebration in light of changed circumstances. The Bible describes how the – a year after the Israelites left Egypt – is celebrated in the wilderness, but seems to presuppose that its future celebration will be in the temple in Jerusalem. At that time, allowance would be made for those who had to travel long distances, by delaying its observance by 30 days.

This delay anticipated that geographical separation and time may not allow for normal Passover observance, a comfort directly derived from the Bible for those families who were not able to celebrate in 2020 in person.

The possibility now exists in 2021 that grandparents might be able to visit their families again since public health guidelines suggest it’s low-risk for vaccinated people to gather in small groups. When families gather for Passover, however, many may choose to reflect on the hard times of the past year as part of the Seder. Indeed, the celebration of the Passover has , even if they were not always positive.

For example, part of the celebration of the entails the breaking of unleavened bread, a piece of which is known as the , which is then hidden. Children try to find it for a prize, called a “treasure from Egypt.” The term Afikomen is itself a Greek word, referring possibly to after-dinner revelry. It is a reminder of another historical moment in which Jewish cultures were heavily surrounded and influenced by the Greeks.

The relationship with the Greeks was a . Some part of the was celebrated in early Jewish society. For example, the translation of the Old Testament from , starting in the third century B.C., was considered a divine act.

There were also , which led to a war in the second century B.C., known as the . Indeed, there were in Judaism whether or not one could recite , in worship services.  

Yet the incorporation of the word Afikomen in the Passover Haggadah displays a willingness to borrow a Greek term into an important Jewish celebration.

Next year in Jerusalem

Looking to the future is central to the celebration of the Passover Haggadah. Despite the deliverance from slavery in Egypt, the meal concludes with the phrase, also said at the end of another celebration known as Yom Kippur, “.”

In a meal that blends past and present and nods toward the future, with such a proclamation highlights the reality that despite freedom from Egypt, most Jewish communities over time celebrated the Passover Haggadah .

This yearning for a world that is not yet healed and the toggling between past, present and future in the Passover celebration will perhaps hold special significance for many grandparents and their families in 2021.

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