麻豆淫院

English professor digs into 鈥減layful and weird鈥� medieval texts and explains how modern communication is medieval

Medieval literature is a treasure trove of weird linguistic surprises that defy classification and explanation, and University of Colorado Boulder English Professor听 delights in these linguistic curiosities, even if she can鈥檛 quite explain why they鈥檙e all there.

Beechy says these surprises exist in secular and religious texts in part because of the oral tradition of English, which in the 10^th century 鈥渨as something that was palpable, almost material.鈥�

When this oral tradition and the robust practice of religious poetry fused, 鈥淎nglo-Saxons saw the Word [the Bible] glitter.鈥�

Feats of orality鈥攆rom Homer鈥檚 epic poetry to the recited laws of Iceland鈥攔elied on 鈥渆ncod[ing] important documents into a form that [was] memorable,鈥� Beechy says.

This strategy of oral cultures becomes unnecessary in literate societies. 听However, upon converting to Christianity and acquiring written language, the Anglo-Saxons still had an impulse to 鈥渃ode鈥� everything from literature to law.

These encodings resulted in surprisingly playful and poetic texts, such as the Dialogue of Solomon and Saturn, a poem written by Christian monks in the 10^th century. In this poem, the pagan god Saturn asks King Solomon to prove that the Pater Noster [Lord鈥檚 Prayer] is powerful.

Instead of responding in an expected orthodox way, 鈥淪olomon creates an acrostic with the Lord鈥檚 Prayer: every letter needed to spell out the prayer comes to life in the text, doing battle with the devil and beating him up. It鈥檚 almost like a cartoon sequence,鈥� Beechy says. 听

These seemingly out-of-place metaphors led previous scholars to dismiss the poem as childish and ridiculous.

But Beechy says this is a quintessential example of how the Anglo-Saxons adopted Christianity and the written word in a 鈥渞esidually oral way,鈥� applying their oral understanding of language to the religion.

鈥淚n Christianity, Christ himself is the Word,鈥� Beechy says. In this poem, the words of the Lord鈥檚 Prayer derive their power from being spoken by Christ, the Word.

Because 鈥淐hrist is the word鈥�he exists in each of the letters of the Lord鈥檚 Prayer鈥� and the letters of the prayer become 鈥減ersonified superheroes鈥� with both a physical and a Christ-like power.

The British monks in the 10^th century, influenced by oral tradition, wrote this poem to examine what it meant that their new religion, and god was a word.

鈥淭hey were actually taking parts of scripture and playing with those words, and trying to think through how these enigmatic, strange things could be true,鈥� Beechy says.

Medieval English texts also include mystifying mistakes and irregularities.

Mistakes in Christian texts were especially dangerous, Beechy says, because, as a religion of the Book, grammar could be a matter of Heaven or Hell, salvation or damnation.

Since religious understanding relied on scriptures, which were encoded versions of God鈥檚 truth, the religious authorities believed they could only learn God鈥檚 will by accurately deciphering sentences from scripture.

鈥淚f you were off track or wrong on a point of doctrine, you were leading to heresy and hell,鈥� Beechy says.

Because of the weightiness acquired by language, small, authoritative, and often heavy-handed in-crowds developed in medieval European monasteries. 听

Perhaps it was this intense pressure and the seriousness of grammar that led these somber groups to frequently dissolve into 鈥渆ruptions of [word] play and playful irreverence.鈥� These instances fly in the face of the stereotypes of the Middle Ages: old-fashioned, orthodox, and boring, Beechy says.

The often-anonymous or pseudonymous results of their playful irreverence included riddles, forgeries, and fake grammars or language rulebooks.

These jokes, including forged travelogues by nonexistent saints, may have been a way for monks to 鈥渓et off steam and just have fun,鈥� Beechy says.

Parodies and jokes were often assimilated into somber religious texts until it became impossible to tell 鈥渨hat was real and what written in jest.鈥� This mixing of narratives, Beechy says, is a continuation of the malleable oral tradition.

All these complex layers perplex scholars, but Beechy relishes even these mysteries. Unlike academics who have long ignored material they could not make sense of, she says, 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think we should just extract the serious stuff and think the crazy stuff doesn鈥檛 matter.鈥�

This acceptance and embrace of the organic, uncontrollable and surprising quality of language characterizes Beechy鈥檚 work as a scholar and professor.

鈥淟anguage is a thing we don鈥檛 have full control over, that we don鈥檛 use [entirely] consciously,鈥� she says. 鈥淲e may think we control it, but we don鈥檛.鈥�

Instead of presenting English as dead, prescriptive, or rule-based, Beechy teaches English grammar 鈥渁s having a living anatomy.鈥�

麻豆淫院 participate enthusiastically in her interactive Old English classes, where grammar is 鈥渞eally alive.鈥�

It is here that students begin to understand 鈥渨hy English has a crazy structure. This makes them the opposite of snobs, because language is something every single person owns,鈥� she says.

Beechy says academics see society as again becoming 鈥渕edieval鈥� in the way it produces texts and art through the Internet.

In the Middle Ages, oral knowledge was an 鈥渆phemeral, fluid, transitory thing,鈥� and the knowledge of the monks was also fluid, compiled collaboratively.

The idea of a living body of knowledge endured until the invention of the printing press. From then on, the idea of literature has existed as something closed and fixed in a final form.

But now that technology has again made literature 鈥渇luid, malleable, editable, we鈥檙e closing a historical parenthesis,鈥� Beechy says.

And despite concerns about loosening academic and editorial standards, she says the ability to collaborate in real time is very exciting.

听